Analisis Yuridis Normatif Standar Kualitas dan Keamanan Pangan Dalam Program Makan Bergizi Gratis: Evaluasi Implementasi dan Kerangka Hukum Perlindungan Konsumen

Abstract

Introduction: The Free Nutritious Meal Program (Program Makan Bergizi Gratis/MBG), launched in January 2025, is a national initiative aimed at improving the nutritional status of Indonesian children as part of the vision toward the Golden Generation 2045. Despite its strategic importance, the program has faced serious food safety challenges, reflected in food poisoning incidents affecting 13,371 students since its implementation. These events raise concerns regarding regulatory compliance and the adequacy of food safety standards within the program.

Methods: This study employed a normative juridical method using statute and conceptual approaches. The analysis focused on examining the conformity of the 2025 Technical Guidelines for the Implementation of Government Assistance for the MBG Program with Indonesia’s food law and health law framework. Primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials including legislation, policy documents, and relevant scholarly literature were systematically reviewed to assess regulatory substance and implementation mechanisms.

Results: The study identified a significant gap between the normative provisions stipulated in the technical guidelines and their implementation in practice. Key weaknesses were found in food safety standard operating procedures, supervision and monitoring mechanisms, and accountability of program implementers. Insufficient oversight capacity and weak enforcement of administrative sanctions were identified as contributing factors to recurring food safety incidents, thereby compromising beneficiary protection.

Conclusion: Strengthening legal compliance in the MBG Program requires regulatory reinforcement, improved supervisory capacity, and effective enforcement of administrative sanctions. An integrated legal and institutional approach is essential to ensure the fulfillment of beneficiaries’ constitutional rights to safe and nutritious food and to support the sustainability of national nutrition programs.

Pendahuluan: Program Makan Bergizi Gratis (MBG) yang diluncurkan pada Januari 2025 merupakan inisiatif nasional untuk meningkatkan status gizi anak Indonesia dalam rangka mewujudkan Generasi Emas 2045. Meskipun memiliki tujuan strategis, pelaksanaan program ini menghadapi tantangan serius terkait keamanan pangan, yang tercermin dari kejadian keracunan makanan yang menimpa 13.371 siswa sejak program dijalankan. Kondisi ini menimbulkan kekhawatiran terhadap kepatuhan regulasi dan kecukupan standar keamanan pangan dalam penyelenggaraan program.

Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach) dan pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach). Analisis dilakukan terhadap kesesuaian Petunjuk Teknis Penyelenggaraan Bantuan Pemerintah Program MBG Tahun Anggaran 2025 dengan kerangka hukum pangan dan hukum kesehatan di Indonesia. Bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier, termasuk peraturan perundang-undangan, dokumen kebijakan, serta literatur ilmiah yang relevan, dikaji secara sistematis.

Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya kesenjangan signifikan antara pengaturan normatif dalam petunjuk teknis dan implementasinya di lapangan. Kelemahan utama ditemukan pada standar operasional prosedur keamanan pangan, mekanisme pengawasan dan monitoring, serta akuntabilitas penyelenggara program. Keterbatasan kapasitas pengawasan dan lemahnya penegakan sanksi administratif berkontribusi terhadap terjadinya insiden keamanan pangan dan melemahkan perlindungan terhadap penerima manfaat.

Kesimpulan: Penguatan kepatuhan hukum dalam Program MBG memerlukan penguatan regulasi, peningkatan kapasitas pengawasan, serta penegakan sanksi administratif yang efektif. Pendekatan hukum dan kelembagaan yang terintegrasi menjadi kunci untuk menjamin pemenuhan hak konstitusional penerima manfaat atas pangan yang aman dan bergizi.