Membangun Budaya Hukum di Rumah Sakit: Strategi Preventif Menghadapi Risiko Hukum dalam Layanan Kesehatan

Abstract

Background: Hospitals, as healthcare institutions, are not only responsible for providing medical services but also bear a legal obligation to ensure legal protection for both patients and healthcare professionals. In the context of increasing litigation risks and the growing complexity of healthcare services, the development of a hospital's legal culture serves as an essential preventive strategy that has rarely been established systematically. A strong legal culture reflects the awareness, attitudes, and legal behaviors of all organizational elements toward legal norms and risks in healthcare practice.

Objective: This study aims to examine the importance of developing a legal culture as a preventive strategy in managing legal risks within hospitals and to formulate institutional approaches that can be applied to strengthen institutional legal protection.

Methods: This research employed a juridical-empirical approach by analyzing statutory regulations, legal literature, and relevant institutional policy documents. Data were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively to assess the alignment between legal norms and their implementation at the institutional level within healthcare facilities.

Results: The study revealed that most hospitals in Indonesia lacked institutional structures that supported a legal culture. The absence of internal legal units, limited clinical legal training, and the predominance of a blame culture hindered incident reporting and the professional management of legal risks. The concept of just culture, which should have served as the foundation of reporting systems, had not yet been widely implemented.

Conclusion: Building a legal culture requires a multidisciplinary and systemic approach through the establishment of active legal units, provision of legal training for healthcare professionals, evaluation of standard operating procedures (SOPs) based on legal principles, and the adoption of a just culture. These strategies are essential to strengthening a healthcare system that is fair, accountable, and legally resilient.

Latar belakang: Rumah sakit sebagai institusi pelayanan kesehatan tidak hanya bertanggung jawab dalam aspek medis, tetapi juga memiliki kewajiban yuridis untuk menjamin perlindungan hukum terhadap pasien dan tenaga medis. Dalam konteks meningkatnya potensi litigasi dan kompleksitas layanan, budaya hukum di rumah sakit menjadi strategi preventif penting yang masih jarang dibangun secara sistemik. Budaya hukum yang kuat mencerminkan kesadaran, sikap, dan perilaku hukum seluruh elemen organisasi terhadap norma dan risiko hukum dalam praktik pelayanan.

Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pentingnya pembangunan budaya hukum sebagai strategi preventif dalam mengelola risiko hukum di rumah sakit, serta merumuskan pendekatan kelembagaan yang dapat diterapkan untuk memperkuat perlindungan hukum institusional.

Metode: Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan yuridis-empiris dengan analisis terhadap ketentuan perundang-undangan, literatur hukum, serta dokumen kebijakan kelembagaan yang relevan. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif-kualitatif untuk menilai kesesuaian antara norma hukum dan implementasinya di tingkat institusi kesehatan.

Hasil: Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar rumah sakit di Indonesia belum memiliki struktur kelembagaan yang mendukung budaya hukum. Ketiadaan unit hukum internal, minimnya pelatihan hukum klinis, serta dominannya blame culture menghambat pelaporan insiden dan pengelolaan risiko hukum secara profesional. Konsep just culture yang seharusnya menjadi fondasi sistem pelaporan belum terimplementasi luas.

Kesimpulan: Membangun budaya hukum memerlukan pendekatan multidisiplin dan sistemik, melalui pembentukan unit hukum aktif, pelatihan hukum bagi tenaga medis, evaluasi SOP berbasis prinsip hukum, serta adopsi budaya just culture. Strategi ini penting untuk memperkuat sistem pelayanan kesehatan yang adil, akuntabel, dan berdaya tahan secara hukum.